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A-LEVEL Chemistry

3.1 Physical Chemistry

3.1.1 Atomic structure

3.1.1.1 Fundamental particles

3.1.1.2 Mass number and isotopes

3.1.1.3 Electron configuration

3.1.2 Amount of substance

3.1.2.1 Relative atomic mass and relative molecular mass

3.1.2.2 The mole and the Avogadro constant

3.1.2.3 The ideal gas equation

3.1.2.4 Empirical and molecular formula

3.1.2.5 Balanced equations and associated calculations

3.1.3 Bonding

3.1.3.1 Ionic bonding

3.1.3.2 Nature of covalent and dative covalent bonds

3.1.3.3 Metallic bonding

3.1.3.4 Bonding and physical properties

3.1.3.5 Shapes of simple molecules and ions

3.1.3.6 Bond polarity

3.1.3.7 Forces between molecules

3.1.4 Energetics

3.1.4.1 Enthalpy change

3.1.4.2 Calorimetry

3.1.5 Kinetics

3.1.5.1 Collision theory

3.1.5.2 Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution

3.1.5.3 Effect of temperature on reaction rate

3.1.6 Chemical equilibria, Le Chatelier’s principle and Kc

3.1.6.1 Chemical equilibria and Le Chatelier's principle

3.1.6.2 Equilibrium constant Kc for homogeneous systems

3.1.7 Oxidation reduction and redox equations

3.1.8 Thermodynamics

3.1.8.1 Born-Haber cycles

3.1.8.2 Gibbs free-energy change ΔG and entropy change ΔS

3.1.10 Equilibrium constant Kp for homogeneous systems

3.1.11 Electrode potentials and electrochemical cells

3.1.11.1 Electrode potentials and cells

3.1.11.2 Commercial applications of electrochemical cells

3.1.12 Acids and bases

3.1.12.1 Brønsted-Lowry acid-base equilibria in aqueous solution

3.1.12.2 Definition and determination of pH

3.1.12.3 The ionic product of water

3.1.12.4 Weak acids and bases Ka for weak acids

3.1.12.5 pH curves titrations and indicators

3.1.12.6 Buffer action

3.2 Inorganic chemistry

3.2.1 Periodicity

3.2.1.1 Classification

3.2.1.2 Physical properties of Period 3 elements

3.2.2 Group 2 the alkaline earth metals

3.2.2.1 Group 2

3.2.3 Group 7(17) the halogens

3.2.3.1 Trends in properties

3.2.3.2 Uses of chlorine and chlorate(I)

3.2.4 Properties of Period 3 elements and their oxides

3.2.5 Transition metals

3.2.5.1 General properties of transition metals

3.2.5.2 Substitution reactions

3.2.5.3 Shapes of complex ions

3.2.5.4 Formation of coloured ions

3.2.5.5 Variable oxidation states

3.2.5.6 Catalysts

3.2.6 Reactions of ions in aqueous solution

3.3 Organic chemistry

3.3.1 Introduction to organic chemistry

3.3.1.1 Nomenclature

3.3.1.2 Reaction mechanisms

3.3.1.3 Isomerism

3.3.2 Alkanes

3.3.2.1 Fractional distillation of crude oil

3.3.2.2 Modification of alkanes by cracking

3.3.2.3 Combustion of alkanes

3.3.2.4 Chlorination of alkanes

3.3.3 Halogenoalkanes

3.3.3.1 Nucleophilic substitution

3.3.3.2 Elimination

3.3.3.3 Ozone depletion

3.3.4 Alkenes

3.3.4.1 Structure bonding and reactivity

3.3.4.2 Addition reactions of alkenes

3.3.4.3 Addition polymers

3.3.5 Alcohols

3.3.5.1 Alcohol production

3.3.5.2 Oxidation of alcohols

3.3.5.3 Elimination

3.3.6 Organic analysis

3.3.6.1 Identification of functional groups by test-tube reactions

3.3.6.2 Mass spectrometry

3.3.7 Optical isomerism

3.3.8 Aldehydes and ketones

3.3.8.1 Aldehydes and ketones reactions

3.3.9 Carboxylic acids and derivatives

3.3.9.1 Carboxylic acids and esters

3.3.9.2 Acylation

3.3.10 Aromatic chemistry

3.3.10.1 Bonding

3.3.10.2 Electrophilic substitution

3.3.11 Amines

3.3.11.1 Preparation

3.3.11.2 Base properties

3.3.11.3 Nucleophilic properties

3.3.12 Polymers

3.3.12.1 Condensation polymers

3.3.12.2 Biodegradability and disposal of polymers

3.3.13 Amino acids proteins and DNA

3.3.13.1 Amino acids

3.3.13.2 Proteins

3.3.13.3 Enzymes

3.3.14 Organic synthesis

3.3.15 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

3.3.16 Chromatography

A-LEVEL Exam A-LEVEL Chemistry

A-LEVEL Chemistry

3.1 Physical Chemistry

3.1.1 Atomic structure

3.1.1.1 Fundamental particles

3.1.1.2 Mass number and isotopes

3.1.1.3 Electron configuration

3.1.2 Amount of substance

3.1.2.1 Relative atomic mass and relative molecular mass

3.1.2.2 The mole and the Avogadro constant

3.1.2.3 The ideal gas equation

3.1.2.4 Empirical and molecular formula

3.1.2.5 Balanced equations and associated calculations

3.1.3 Bonding

3.1.3.1 Ionic bonding

3.1.3.2 Nature of covalent and dative covalent bonds

3.1.3.3 Metallic bonding

3.1.3.4 Bonding and physical properties

3.1.3.5 Shapes of simple molecules and ions

3.1.3.6 Bond polarity

3.1.3.7 Forces between molecules

3.1.4 Energetics

3.1.4.1 Enthalpy change

3.1.4.2 Calorimetry

3.1.5 Kinetics

3.1.5.1 Collision theory

3.1.5.2 Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution

3.1.5.3 Effect of temperature on reaction rate

3.1.6 Chemical equilibria, Le Chatelier’s principle and Kc

3.1.6.1 Chemical equilibria and Le Chatelier's principle

3.1.6.2 Equilibrium constant Kc for homogeneous systems

3.1.7 Oxidation reduction and redox equations

3.1.8 Thermodynamics

3.1.8.1 Born-Haber cycles

3.1.8.2 Gibbs free-energy change ΔG and entropy change ΔS

3.1.10 Equilibrium constant Kp for homogeneous systems

3.1.11 Electrode potentials and electrochemical cells

3.1.11.1 Electrode potentials and cells

3.1.11.2 Commercial applications of electrochemical cells

3.1.12 Acids and bases

3.1.12.1 Brønsted-Lowry acid-base equilibria in aqueous solution

3.1.12.2 Definition and determination of pH

3.1.12.3 The ionic product of water

3.1.12.4 Weak acids and bases Ka for weak acids

3.1.12.5 pH curves titrations and indicators

3.1.12.6 Buffer action

3.2 Inorganic chemistry

3.2.1 Periodicity

3.2.1.1 Classification

3.2.1.2 Physical properties of Period 3 elements

3.2.2 Group 2 the alkaline earth metals

3.2.2.1 Group 2

3.2.3 Group 7(17) the halogens

3.2.3.1 Trends in properties

3.2.3.2 Uses of chlorine and chlorate(I)

3.2.4 Properties of Period 3 elements and their oxides

3.2.5 Transition metals

3.2.5.1 General properties of transition metals

3.2.5.2 Substitution reactions

3.2.5.3 Shapes of complex ions

3.2.5.4 Formation of coloured ions

3.2.5.5 Variable oxidation states

3.2.5.6 Catalysts

3.2.6 Reactions of ions in aqueous solution

3.3 Organic chemistry

3.3.1 Introduction to organic chemistry

3.3.1.1 Nomenclature

3.3.1.2 Reaction mechanisms

3.3.1.3 Isomerism

3.3.2 Alkanes

3.3.2.1 Fractional distillation of crude oil

3.3.2.2 Modification of alkanes by cracking

3.3.2.3 Combustion of alkanes

3.3.2.4 Chlorination of alkanes

3.3.3 Halogenoalkanes

3.3.3.1 Nucleophilic substitution

3.3.3.2 Elimination

3.3.3.3 Ozone depletion

3.3.4 Alkenes

3.3.4.1 Structure bonding and reactivity

3.3.4.2 Addition reactions of alkenes

3.3.4.3 Addition polymers

3.3.5 Alcohols

3.3.5.1 Alcohol production

3.3.5.2 Oxidation of alcohols

3.3.5.3 Elimination

3.3.6 Organic analysis

3.3.6.1 Identification of functional groups by test-tube reactions

3.3.6.2 Mass spectrometry

3.3.7 Optical isomerism

3.3.8 Aldehydes and ketones

3.3.8.1 Aldehydes and ketones reactions

3.3.9 Carboxylic acids and derivatives

3.3.9.1 Carboxylic acids and esters

3.3.9.2 Acylation

3.3.10 Aromatic chemistry

3.3.10.1 Bonding

3.3.10.2 Electrophilic substitution

3.3.11 Amines

3.3.11.1 Preparation

3.3.11.2 Base properties

3.3.11.3 Nucleophilic properties

3.3.12 Polymers

3.3.12.1 Condensation polymers

3.3.12.2 Biodegradability and disposal of polymers

3.3.13 Amino acids proteins and DNA

3.3.13.1 Amino acids

3.3.13.2 Proteins

3.3.13.3 Enzymes

3.3.14 Organic synthesis

3.3.15 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

3.3.16 Chromatography

3.3.5.1 Alcohol production

3.3.5.2 Oxidation of alcohols

3.3.5.3 Elimination

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