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GCSE Chemistry

4.1 Atomic structure and the periodic table

4.1.1 A simple model of the atom symbols relative atomic mass electronic charge and isotopes

4.1.1.1 Atoms, elements and compounds

4.1.1.2 Mixtures

4.1.1.3 The development of the model of the atom (common content with physics)

4.1.1.4 Relative electrical charges of subatomic particles

4.1.1.5 Size and mass of atoms

4.1.1.6 Relative atomic mass

4.1.1.7 Electronic structure

4.1.2 The periodic table

4.1.2.1 The periodic table

4.1.2.2 Development of the periodic table

4.1.2.3 Metals and non-metals

4.1.2.4 Group 0

4.1.2.5 Group 1

4.1.2.6 Group 7

4.1.3 Properties of transition metals (chemistry only)

4.1.3.2 Typical properties

4.2 Bonding structure and the properties of matter

4.2.1 Chemical bonds ionic covalent and metallic

4.2.1.1 Chemical bonds

4.2.1.2 Ionic bonding

4.2.1.3 Ionic compounds

4.2.1.4 Covalent bonding

4.2.1.5 Metallic bonding

4.2.2 How bonding and structure are related to the properties of substances

4.2.2.1 The three states of matter

4.2.2.2 State symbols

4.2.2.3 Properties of ionic compounds

4.2.2.4 Properties of small molecules

4.2.2.5 Polymers

4.2.2.6 Giant covalent structures

4.2.2.7 Properties of metals and alloys

4.2.2.8 Metals as conductors

4.2.3 Structure and bonding of carbon

4.2.3.1 Diamond

4.2.3.2 Graphite

4.2.3.3 Graphene and fullerenes

4.2.4 Bulk and surface properties of matter including nanoparticles (chemistry only)

4.2.4.1 Sizes of particles and their properties

4.2.4.2 Uses of nanoparticles

4.3 Quantitative chemistry

4.3.1 Chemical measurements conservation of mass and the quantitative interpretation of chemical equations

4.3.1.1 Conservation of mass and balanced chemical equations

4.3.1.2 Relative formula mass

4.3.1.3 Mass changes when a reactant or product is a gas

4.3.1.4 Chemical measurements

4.3.2 Use of amount of substance in relation to masses of pure substances

4.3.2.1 Moles (HT only)

4.3.2.2 Amounts of substances in equations (HT only)

4.3.2.3 Using moles to balance equations (HT only)

4.3.2.5 Concentration of solutions

4.3.3 Yield and atom economy of chemical reactions (chemistry only)

4.3.3.1 Percentage yield

4.3.3.2 Atom economy

4.3.4 Using concentrations of solutions in mol/dm3 (chemistry only) (HT only)

4.3.5 Use of amount of substance in relation to volumes of gases (chemistry only) (HT only)

4.4 Chemical changes

4.4.1 Reactivity of metals

4.4.1.1 Metal oxides

4.4.1.2 The reactivity series

4.4.1.3 Extraction of metals and reduction

4.4.1.4 Oxidation and reduction in terms of electrons (HT only)

4.4.2 Reactions of acids

4.4.2.1 Reactions of acids with metals

4.4.2.2 Neutralisation of acids and salt production

4.4.2.3 Soluble salts

4.4.2.4 The pH scale and neutralisation

4.4.2.5 Titrations (chemistry only)

4.4.2.6 Strong and weak acids (HT only)

4.4.3 Electrolysis

4.4.3.1 The process of electrolysis

4.4.3.2 Electrolysis of molten ionic compounds

4.4.3.3 Using electrolysis to extract metals

4.4.3.4 Electrolysis of aqueous solutions

4.4.3.5 Representation of reactions at electrodes as half equations (HT only)

4.5 Energy changes

4.5.1 Exothermic and endothermic reactions

4.5.1.1 Energy transfer during exothermic and endothermic reactions

4.5.1.2 Reaction profiles

4.5.1.3 The energy change of reactions (HT only)

4.5.2 Chemical cells and fuel cells (chemistry only)

4.5.2.1 Cells and batteries

4.5.2.2 Fuel cells

4.6 The rate and extent of chemical change

4.6.1 Rate of reaction

4.6.1.1 Calculating rates of reactions

4.6.1.2 Factors which affect the rates of chemical reactions

4.6.1.3 Collision theory and activation energy

4.6.1.4 Catalysts

4.6.2 Reversible reactions and dynamic equilibrium

4.6.2.1 Reversible reactions

4.6.2.2 Energy changes and reversible reactions

4.6.2.3 Equilibrium

4.6.2.4 The effect of changing conditions on equilibrium (HT only)

4.6.2.5 The effect of changing concentration (HT only)

4.6.2.6 The effect of temperature changes on equilibrium (HT only)

4.6.2.7 The effect of pressure changes on equilibrium (HT only)

4.7 Organic chemistry

4.7.1 Carbon compounds as fuels and feedstock

4.7.1.1 Crude oil hydrocarbons and alkanes

4.7.1.2 Fractional distillation and petrochemicals

4.7.1.3 Properties of hydrocarbons

4.7.1.4 Cracking and alkenes

4.7.2 Reactions of alkenes and alcohols (chemistry only)

4.7.2.1 Structure and formulae of alkenes

4.7.2.2 Reactions of alkenes

4.7.2.3 Alcohols

4.7.2.4 Carboxylic acids

4.7.3 Synthetic and naturally occurring polymers (chemistry only)

4.7.3.1 Addition polymerisation

4.7.3.2 Condensation polymerisation (HT only)

4.7.3.3 Amino acids (HT only)

4.7.3.4 DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and other naturally occurring polymers

4.8 Chemical analysis

4.8.1 Purity formulations and chromatography

4.8.1.1 Pure substances

4.8.1.2 Formulations

4.8.1.3 Chromatography

4.8.2 Identification of common gases

4.8.2.1 Test for hydrogen

4.8.2.2 Test for oxygen

4.8.2.3 Test for carbon dioxide

4.8.2.4 Test for chlorine

4.8.3 Identification of ions by chemical and spectroscopic means (chemistry only)

4.8.3.1 Flame tests

4.8.3.2 Metal hydroxides

4.8.3.3 Carbonates

4.8.3.4 Halides

4.8.3.5 Sulfates

4.8.3.6 Instrumental methods

4.8.3.7 Flame emission spectroscopy

4.9 Chemistry of the atmosphere

4.9.1 The composition and evolution of the Earth's atmosphere

4.9.1.1 The proportions of different gases in the atmosphere

4.9.1.2 The Earth's early atmosphere

4.9.1.3 How oxygen increased

4.9.1.4 How carbon dioxide decreased

4.9.2 Carbon dioxide and methane as greenhouse gases

4.9.2.1 Greenhouse gases

4.9.2.2 Human activities which contribute to an increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere

4.9.2.3 Global climate change

4.9.2.4 The carbon footprint and its reduction

4.9.3 Common atmospheric pollutants and their sources

4.9.3.1 Atmospheric pollutants from fuels

4.9.3.2 Properties and effects of atmospheric pollutants

4.10 Using resources

4.10.1 Using the Earth's resources and obtaining potable water

4.10.1.1 Using the Earth's resources and sustainable development

4.10.1.2 Potable water

4.10.1.3 Waste water treatment

4.10.1.4 Alternative methods of extracting metals (HT only)

4.10.2 Life cycle assessment and recycling

4.10.2.1 Life cycle assessment

4.10.2.2 Ways of reducing the use of resources

4.10.3 Using materials (chemistry only)

4.10.3.1 Corrosion and its prevention

4.10.3.2 Alloys as useful materials

4.10.3.3 Ceramics polymers and composites

4.10.4 The Haber process and the use of NPK fertilisers (chemistry only)

4.10.4.1 The Haber process

4.10.4.2 Production and uses of NPK fertilisers

4.11 Key ideas

GCSE Exam GCSE Chemistry

GCSE Chemistry

4.1 Atomic structure and the periodic table

4.1.1 A simple model of the atom symbols relative atomic mass electronic charge and isotopes

4.1.1.1 Atoms, elements and compounds

4.1.1.2 Mixtures

4.1.1.3 The development of the model of the atom (common content with physics)

4.1.1.4 Relative electrical charges of subatomic particles

4.1.1.5 Size and mass of atoms

4.1.1.6 Relative atomic mass

4.1.1.7 Electronic structure

4.1.2 The periodic table

4.1.2.1 The periodic table

4.1.2.2 Development of the periodic table

4.1.2.3 Metals and non-metals

4.1.2.4 Group 0

4.1.2.5 Group 1

4.1.2.6 Group 7

4.1.3 Properties of transition metals (chemistry only)

4.1.3.2 Typical properties

4.2 Bonding structure and the properties of matter

4.2.1 Chemical bonds ionic covalent and metallic

4.2.1.1 Chemical bonds

4.2.1.2 Ionic bonding

4.2.1.3 Ionic compounds

4.2.1.4 Covalent bonding

4.2.1.5 Metallic bonding

4.2.2 How bonding and structure are related to the properties of substances

4.2.2.1 The three states of matter

4.2.2.2 State symbols

4.2.2.3 Properties of ionic compounds

4.2.2.4 Properties of small molecules

4.2.2.5 Polymers

4.2.2.6 Giant covalent structures

4.2.2.7 Properties of metals and alloys

4.2.2.8 Metals as conductors

4.2.3 Structure and bonding of carbon

4.2.3.1 Diamond

4.2.3.2 Graphite

4.2.3.3 Graphene and fullerenes

4.2.4 Bulk and surface properties of matter including nanoparticles (chemistry only)

4.2.4.1 Sizes of particles and their properties

4.2.4.2 Uses of nanoparticles

4.3 Quantitative chemistry

4.3.1 Chemical measurements conservation of mass and the quantitative interpretation of chemical equations

4.3.1.1 Conservation of mass and balanced chemical equations

4.3.1.2 Relative formula mass

4.3.1.3 Mass changes when a reactant or product is a gas

4.3.1.4 Chemical measurements

4.3.2 Use of amount of substance in relation to masses of pure substances

4.3.2.1 Moles (HT only)

4.3.2.2 Amounts of substances in equations (HT only)

4.3.2.3 Using moles to balance equations (HT only)

4.3.2.5 Concentration of solutions

4.3.3 Yield and atom economy of chemical reactions (chemistry only)

4.3.3.1 Percentage yield

4.3.3.2 Atom economy

4.3.4 Using concentrations of solutions in mol/dm3 (chemistry only) (HT only)

4.3.5 Use of amount of substance in relation to volumes of gases (chemistry only) (HT only)

4.4 Chemical changes

4.4.1 Reactivity of metals

4.4.1.1 Metal oxides

4.4.1.2 The reactivity series

4.4.1.3 Extraction of metals and reduction

4.4.1.4 Oxidation and reduction in terms of electrons (HT only)

4.4.2 Reactions of acids

4.4.2.1 Reactions of acids with metals

4.4.2.2 Neutralisation of acids and salt production

4.4.2.3 Soluble salts

4.4.2.4 The pH scale and neutralisation

4.4.2.5 Titrations (chemistry only)

4.4.2.6 Strong and weak acids (HT only)

4.4.3 Electrolysis

4.4.3.1 The process of electrolysis

4.4.3.2 Electrolysis of molten ionic compounds

4.4.3.3 Using electrolysis to extract metals

4.4.3.4 Electrolysis of aqueous solutions

4.4.3.5 Representation of reactions at electrodes as half equations (HT only)

4.5 Energy changes

4.5.1 Exothermic and endothermic reactions

4.5.1.1 Energy transfer during exothermic and endothermic reactions

4.5.1.2 Reaction profiles

4.5.1.3 The energy change of reactions (HT only)

4.5.2 Chemical cells and fuel cells (chemistry only)

4.5.2.1 Cells and batteries

4.5.2.2 Fuel cells

4.6 The rate and extent of chemical change

4.6.1 Rate of reaction

4.6.1.1 Calculating rates of reactions

4.6.1.2 Factors which affect the rates of chemical reactions

4.6.1.3 Collision theory and activation energy

4.6.1.4 Catalysts

4.6.2 Reversible reactions and dynamic equilibrium

4.6.2.1 Reversible reactions

4.6.2.2 Energy changes and reversible reactions

4.6.2.3 Equilibrium

4.6.2.4 The effect of changing conditions on equilibrium (HT only)

4.6.2.5 The effect of changing concentration (HT only)

4.6.2.6 The effect of temperature changes on equilibrium (HT only)

4.6.2.7 The effect of pressure changes on equilibrium (HT only)

4.7 Organic chemistry

4.7.1 Carbon compounds as fuels and feedstock

4.7.1.1 Crude oil hydrocarbons and alkanes

4.7.1.2 Fractional distillation and petrochemicals

4.7.1.3 Properties of hydrocarbons

4.7.1.4 Cracking and alkenes

4.7.2 Reactions of alkenes and alcohols (chemistry only)

4.7.2.1 Structure and formulae of alkenes

4.7.2.2 Reactions of alkenes

4.7.2.3 Alcohols

4.7.2.4 Carboxylic acids

4.7.3 Synthetic and naturally occurring polymers (chemistry only)

4.7.3.1 Addition polymerisation

4.7.3.2 Condensation polymerisation (HT only)

4.7.3.3 Amino acids (HT only)

4.7.3.4 DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and other naturally occurring polymers

4.8 Chemical analysis

4.8.1 Purity formulations and chromatography

4.8.1.1 Pure substances

4.8.1.2 Formulations

4.8.1.3 Chromatography

4.8.2 Identification of common gases

4.8.2.1 Test for hydrogen

4.8.2.2 Test for oxygen

4.8.2.3 Test for carbon dioxide

4.8.2.4 Test for chlorine

4.8.3 Identification of ions by chemical and spectroscopic means (chemistry only)

4.8.3.1 Flame tests

4.8.3.2 Metal hydroxides

4.8.3.3 Carbonates

4.8.3.4 Halides

4.8.3.5 Sulfates

4.8.3.6 Instrumental methods

4.8.3.7 Flame emission spectroscopy

4.9 Chemistry of the atmosphere

4.9.1 The composition and evolution of the Earth's atmosphere

4.9.1.1 The proportions of different gases in the atmosphere

4.9.1.2 The Earth's early atmosphere

4.9.1.3 How oxygen increased

4.9.1.4 How carbon dioxide decreased

4.9.2 Carbon dioxide and methane as greenhouse gases

4.9.2.1 Greenhouse gases

4.9.2.2 Human activities which contribute to an increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere

4.9.2.3 Global climate change

4.9.2.4 The carbon footprint and its reduction

4.9.3 Common atmospheric pollutants and their sources

4.9.3.1 Atmospheric pollutants from fuels

4.9.3.2 Properties and effects of atmospheric pollutants

4.10 Using resources

4.10.1 Using the Earth's resources and obtaining potable water

4.10.1.1 Using the Earth's resources and sustainable development

4.10.1.2 Potable water

4.10.1.3 Waste water treatment

4.10.1.4 Alternative methods of extracting metals (HT only)

4.10.2 Life cycle assessment and recycling

4.10.2.1 Life cycle assessment

4.10.2.2 Ways of reducing the use of resources

4.10.3 Using materials (chemistry only)

4.10.3.1 Corrosion and its prevention

4.10.3.2 Alloys as useful materials

4.10.3.3 Ceramics polymers and composites

4.10.4 The Haber process and the use of NPK fertilisers (chemistry only)

4.10.4.1 The Haber process

4.10.4.2 Production and uses of NPK fertilisers

4.11 Key ideas

4.2.1.1 Chemical bonds

4.2.1.2 Ionic bonding

4.2.1.3 Ionic compounds

4.2.1.4 Covalent bonding

4.2.1.5 Metallic bonding

4.2.2.1 The three states of matter

4.2.2.2 State symbols

4.2.2.3 Properties of ionic compounds

4.2.2.4 Properties of small molecules

4.2.2.5 Polymers

4.2.2.6 Giant covalent structures

4.2.2.7 Properties of metals and alloys

4.2.2.8 Metals as conductors

4.2.3.1 Diamond

4.2.3.2 Graphite

4.2.3.3 Graphene and fullerenes

4.2.4.1 Sizes of particles and their properties

4.2.4.2 Uses of nanoparticles